The Silk Roads and Indian Ocean trade are similar in that both armed to connect the east to the west; both connect Eurasia; both spread cultural ideas and ship luxury goods. IV. There was continued diffusion of crops and pathogens, including epidemic diseases like the bubonic plauge, throughout the Eastern Hemisphere along the trade routes. During China’s Tang Dynasty ( ) the government standardized the production of porcelain which led to higher quality work and increased quantities. They greatly perfected glazing techniques and mastered the process of regulating, with precise accuracy, the extremely high kiln temperatures necessary for the production of superior porcelain.

One example of a real world network which is close to the linearity of growth is the road network in the Milan region (Strano et al. 2012). This property leads to important consequences for the network structure, because the maximal degree of nodes in constrained by space. In the case of road network nodes are defined as road junctions, therefore it is hard to expect many nodes of degree more than 10 and large variations in the average degree over time. The maritime network, like the road network, is a spatial and transportation network, but with one major difference — it is not planar. Therefore, the maritime network does not suffer from the “natural” limitation of the maximal number of neighbors, as each port can develop as many connections with as many ports as it wishes to.

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It would be certainly interesting to study the peaks and the falls of the network measures which seem to align with some well-known events from the world history, such as the Great Depression and the 2nd World War. At this stage of research we are unable to isolate the effects of precise events on the network structure in such a way that we could establish a causal relationship. Such studies would require data of much finner density than just 5 years and potentially external control variables to isolate the precise effects.

The Abbasids used Alexandria, Damietta, Aden and Siraf as entry ports to India and China. Merchants arriving from India in the port city of Aden paid tribute in form of musk, camphor, ambergris and sandalwood to Ibn Ziyad, the sultan of Yemen. Moluccan products shipped across the ports of Arabia to the Near East passed through the ports of India and Sri Lanka.

Additionally, the yearly pilgrimage to Mecca provided occasions for merchants to make contacts and find trading partners. Trans-Saharan trade was the means by which Islam spread to Sub-Saharan Africa. Trade carried Islam and Islamic civilization returned the favor by encouraging and protecting trade. Arabic also spread during this time period, primarily as result Requirements engineering of the rapid and extensive spread of Islam. Scholars desiring to study the Quran in its original language ensured Arabic instruction and diffusion. It was, along with Persian, one of the administrative languages of the Abbasid Dynasty. As Muslim merchants carried Islam to the Indonesian Islands, Arabic words entered the vocabularies of the local Malay languages.

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Welcome to the Armenian Trade Network, an association of business associations created for and managed by Armenians throughout the world. We aim to develop global business opportunities by developing and harnessing the entrepreneurial acumen of the Armenians and using the fascinating networks we have developed around the world. We hope you will be part and parcel of this fabulous story and its success in the future. Wherever you are, we invite you to be an active participant of the Hye Business Networker social network and make us your home page. The second section presents the elaboration of the historical database after its extraction from archival documents and the network analytical tools to be applied to the resulting graph to best unravel dynamics of change. Main results are offered in the third section, ranging from the most common methods of complex network analysis to more advanced ones in relation to the evolving navigability of the network.

The significant increase in luxury trade was the result of several factors. The creation of Mongol Khanates and the Islamic Caliphates along with the reconstitution of a powerful centralized state in China were certainly major factors. It was a collection point for spices grown on tiny islands across Indonesia.

• IronFX uses the advanced Sirix Social WebTrader platform for their social trading offering.
• They constituted the majority of the Indian Ocean component of the spice trade network.
• Between 600 and 1450, China devised a relatively safe method to make large payments across a vast distance.
• Venice was an important European trading city as early as the 9th century when Europe was economically underdeveloped with limited long-distance trade.
• Table 3 reveals that of the 18 deviating countries, 17 rank among 21 least connected, or most isolated, countries with respect to agricultural trade links.
• The trading cities of Gujarat were the chief suppliers of commercial goods to North India.

The city’s location on the straits of Malacca allowed it to collect tolls and control passage. One of the many benefits of using our services is that we ensure change events are not disruptive to your trading community.

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The efficiency and volume of trade in the Indian Ocean was also facilitated by the introduction of new maritime technologies. The Chinese introduced the compass and massive trading ships called Junks which were able to carry larger cargoes. The Arabs popularized the Dhow ship which was able trading network development to tack against the wind because of its advanced lateen sail. Finally, an instrument called the astrolabe allowed skilled sailors to determine their latitude at sea. All of these advancements increased participation, facilitated navigation, and removed some of the risks of maritime trade.

Generally held to be safer and more economical and reliable than the other modes of transport, this mode has many advantages over rival modes, such Pair programming as trucks and railways. Examples of modern pipeline transport include Alashankou-Dushanzi Crude Oil Pipeline and Iran-Armenia Natural Gas Pipeline.

In this algorithm we ask the walker to start her random walk at node n i and we count how many steps she had to make in order to be at least 4 hops away from n i . More formally speaking, we want to see how many steps need to be performed by the mobile agent moving randomly around the network to escape the 3-neighborhood of n i . The considered measure corresponds precisely to the hitting time of the node outside of the 3-neighborhood of the starting node in the considered graph. It may be represented as the hitting time from the staring node n i to the special node v in the graph obtained from our network by merging all nodes outside of the 3-neighborhood of n i into a single node. The hitting time is a basic and well studied random walk parameter on graphs .

In the present paper we have constructed a network of maritime connections thanks to the data extracted from the Lloyd’s Shipping Index, a database containing information on daily movements of ships of almost the entire world fleet. Our data cover the years between 1890 until 2000, where we have information about the movements of ships during at least 2 weeks in regular intervals of 5 years.

International trade networks are manifestations of a complex combination of diverse underlying factors, both natural and social. Here we apply social network analytics to the international trade network of agricultural products to better understand the nature of this network and its relation to patterns of international development. Using a network tool known as triadic analysis we develop triad significance profiles for a series of agricultural commodities traded among countries.

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This data enabled us to construct snapshots of the network of sea connections at different moments in time and to follow its evolution. Most of the existing studies of real world networks focus on the static networks due to scarcity of quality data.

Like Srivijaya before it, the Sultanate of Malacca’s gained wealth from the trade of spices and tax revenue collected from commerce passing through the Strait of Malacca. Between the 10th and 15th centuries, ship technology throughout Afro-Eurasia improved to allow for larger, faster, and more stable ships. In China during the Song dynasty, the junk was developed and had sails that could be raised and lowered in sections and had adjustable angles for changing wind directions. Javanese sailors from Southeast Asia traveled in djongs, which were large enough to carry bulk cargos.

The Indian Ocean: A Maritime Trade Network History Nearly Forgot

Finally, we also examined in greater detail the roles that countries play in their local trade triads by analyzing their triad frequency distributions, as well as how these roles interplay with degree of connectedness. We extracted national bilateral trade statistics for several agricultural commodities for the year 2000 from the online public databases of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (faostat.fao.org, 2011). We used the existence of any level of trade to signify a directed trade link from the exporting country to the importing country; that is, our networks are not weighted. This is in contrast to , in which links were weighted by both the volume of trade and the water content of the commodity traded. Some Classical civilizations were even able to claim territory or pastoral people and secure sections of the silk roads. Silk Roads had continued support from some states, and demand for hard to find goods among elite or wealthy people required the Silk Roads to stay working.

Author: Ingrid Lunden